Cellular Respiration: Stages, ATP Production, and Electron Transport

Cards (15)

• Cellular respirationThe process by which cells break down glucose to produce ATP; overall equation is C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ~32 ATP
• GlycolysisAnaerobic process in the cytoplasm that splits one glucose into two pyruvate molecules, producing a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH
• Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)Takes place in the mitochondrial matrix; each turn releases 2 CO2 and generates 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 ATP; turns twice per glucose molecule
• Electron transport chainEmbedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane; NADH and FADH2 donate electrons that pump protons into the intermembrane space, with oxygen as the final electron acceptor; produces approximately 26–28 ATP
• ChemiosmosisMovement of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane through ATP synthase, which uses the proton gradient to phosphorylate ADP into ATP
• ATP synthaseEnzyme embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane that catalyzes oxidative phosphorylation by using proton flow to drive ATP synthesis
• Lactic acid fermentationAnaerobic pathway in muscle cells that converts pyruvate to lactate, regenerating NAD+ to allow glycolysis to continue
• Alcoholic fermentationAnaerobic pathway in yeast that converts pyruvate into ethanol and CO2
• ATP (adenosine triphosphate)The cell's main energy currency molecule
• NAD+ and NADHNAD+ is an electron carrier that accepts electrons and becomes reduced to NADH
• FADH2An electron carrier that donates electrons in the electron transport chain
• CristaeFolds of the inner mitochondrial membrane that increase surface area for electron transport chain reactions
• AerobicRequiring oxygen
• AnaerobicNot requiring oxygen
• Substrate-level phosphorylationDirect ATP formation by enzyme transfer of a phosphate group to ADP, as opposed to oxidative phosphorylation